Freckles: The Science Behind the Cute Spots on Your Skin

Freckles have long been considered cute in our society, often making individuals stand out. But why do some people have them while others don't? And what exactly are freckles? In an effort to uncover the scoop on this science-based phenomenon, Fox News Digital reached out to experts for answers.

Dr. Danilo C. Del Campo, a board-certified dermatologist at Chicago Skin Clinic in Illinois, explained that freckles, known scientifically as ephelides, are small pigmented spots on the skin that are more noticeable in individuals with lighter skin. According to him, freckles are primarily caused by a combination of genetic factors and sun exposure. When the skin is exposed to sunlight, it produces more melanin, the pigment responsible for skin color, resulting in the appearance of freckles. Del Campo emphasized that this natural response also indicates that the skin is sensitive to sunlight.

If there is a sudden increase in freckles or any changes in their appearance, it is advisable to consult a board-certified dermatologist. Del Campo recommended finding one with the FAAD designation or visiting AAD.org for assistance.

Genetics also play a significant role in freckle development. Del Campo explained that the MC1R gene, which influences skin and hair color, is a key gene involved in the development of freckles. Variants of this gene can lead to lighter skin and hair, increasing the likelihood of freckles. However, genetics can be complex, and not everyone with these traits will develop freckles.

Freckles can start appearing in children as young as two years old, becoming more pronounced and numerous with age, particularly after sun exposure. The skin responds to UV radiation from the sun by stimulating melanocytes to produce more melanin, resulting in the formation of freckles. While this is a natural process, it serves as a reminder of the vulnerability of our skin to the sun. Del Campo recommended regular skin checks by a dermatologist to ensure skin health.

Hair color and skin tone, like freckles, also depend on genetic factors. Chelsea Wagner, a senior genetic counselor at BillionToOne in Kansas City, Missouri, explained that freckles are more common in individuals with fair or light skin tones. However, she emphasized that freckles can appear in people of all ethnic backgrounds and skin tones, thanks to the intricate genetic factors that determine pigmentation. The complexity of these factors contributes to the wonderful diversity we see in people's appearances worldwide.

But do freckles increase the risk of skin conditions or skin cancer? Wagner stated that numerous genetic and non-genetic factors influence a person's risk of developing skin conditions and skin cancer. Regular discussions with a healthcare provider about personal risk factors and family history, as well as routine skin checkups with a health care professional, are crucial for early detection and prevention.

Genes, especially variations in the MC1R gene, lay the foundation for freckle development, while environmental factors, primarily sun exposure, act as the catalyst that brings them to life. Wagner emphasized that freckles are a unique result of this genetic and environmental interplay, making each person's freckled pattern truly one-of-a-kind.

While freckles themselves are not a direct risk factor for skin conditions or cancer, they indicate skin that may be more susceptible to damage from UV rays. Del Campo stressed the importance of diligent sun protection measures for individuals with freckles, such as using broad-spectrum sunscreen, wearing hats and protective clothing, and avoiding peak sun hours. Regular skin examinations by a dermatologist are also essential, especially for those with fair skin and freckles, to monitor for any potential skin issues.

Del Campo concluded by emphasizing that while freckles are generally harmless, any changes in their size, shape, or color should prompt a visit to a dermatologist. Early detection and prevention are key to maintaining skin health. For personalized advice and skin checks, he highly recommended consulting a board-certified dermatologist.

In conclusion, freckles are a combination of genetics and sun exposure, revealing the unique story of each individual. To read more lifestyle articles, visit www.foxnews.com/lifestyle.